Endnotes for Chapter V
 
1 According to Churchill's memoirs, he himself originated the proposal to cross the Atlantic to meet the President ( Grand Alliance, pp. 608- 10.)
 
2 Msg from Br CsofS aboard H. M. S. Duke of York, 18 Dec 41, Item 5, Exec 10. This is the original WD copy.
 
3 For an account of these preparations, see Cline, Washington Command Post, pp. 87-89.
 
4 (1) Notes, G. C. M. [Marshall], 23 Dec 41, sub: dotes on Mtg at White House with President and Br Prime Minister Presiding, WPD 4402-136. (2) Votes on Informal Confs Held During Visit of Br CsofS in Washington, WDCS.4 334 Mtgs and Confs (1-28-42 (1-28-42). (3) Min, conf at White House, 12 Jan 42, sub: SUPER-GYMNAST. GYMNAST and SUPER-GYMNAST Development File, G-3 Regd Does. War Department files include records of various other meetings in which the President and the Prime Minister, separately or together, discussed military matters with members of the military staffs. Notes on Informal Conferences (cited above) include minutes of two meetings at the White House attended by the members of the American military staff.
 
5 See note for rcd, Gen Gerow, 21 Dec 41, Tab Collab, Book I, Exec 8.
 
6  "Proceedings of the American-British joint Chiefs of Staff Conferences Held in Washington, D. C., on Twelve Occasions between December 24, 1941 and January 14, 1942," filed with ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 1. Note that the term "Joint" was still being used to denote international as well as interservice deliberations; the fixed distinction between "Joint" and "Combined" was recommended and adopted at the conference.
 
7  Min, ARCADIA mtgs, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 1.
 
8  Min, Jt [British -American] Plng Corn Mtgs, Tab 3, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 2.
 
9 WPD paper, 21 Dec 41, sub: Notes on  Agenda Proposed by Br, Folder Book 2, Exec 4. This compilation included two versions of the American view of grand strategy. The latter, fuller version is contained in the first paragraph of the second section of the first study, entitled: General Strategic Review. This was prepared in WPD after consultation with Navy and Army Air planners. The earlier, shorter version is in a "tentative first draft" prepared in WPD and sent to General Marshall and Secretary Stimson on 19 December. The "tentative first draft" was circulated with minor revisions as a joint Board paper. (See mimeographed paper, sub: Tentative U. S. Views on Sub of Br Memo, Dec 18, atchd to memo, SJB [Col Scobey] for JPS, Army Sec, 3 Jan 42, sub: JB 325 ser 729-Gen Strategy, with JB 325, ser 729, Army JPC file, G-3.)
 
10 The statement of the British Chiefs in August 1941 at the Atlantic Conference is quoted and discussed above, pp. 55 ff.
 
11 Churchill, Grand Alliance, pp. 657-58, The passages quoted are from Part III, "The Campaign of 1943," dated 18 December 1941, of the Prime Minister's presentation to the President of his theory of strategy.
 
12 Churchill, Grand Alliance, p. 659. See Churchill's notes of a meeting of 18 December with the British Chiefs, at which he read and they discussed the paper on the campaign of 1943.
 
13 Memo, Br CsofS (for Amer CsofS), 22 Dec 41, sub: Amer-Br Strategy, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec
 41 ), 2. This is the first version of WW-1, the first paper presented at the ARCADIA Conference. WW-1 (standing for War Conference) was the British code for ARCADIA papers. The American code was ABC-4 (carried over from earlier American-British conversations of early 1941, beginning with ABC-1). The American code for WW-1, as revised and finally approved, was ABC-4/CS-1.
 
14 Memo, Col Bundy for CofS (through ACofS, WPD), 24 Oct 41, sub: Trip with Harriman Miss, WPD 4557-12. For the Harriman mission, see Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 385-95.
 
15 WPD study, n.d., title: Est, Army Reqmts, a supporting study to JB 355, ser 707, 11 Sep 41, title: JB Est of U.S. Over-all Pdn Reqmts, Sec II, Part II, App II, pp. 2, 3, copy in WPD 4494-13.
 
16 Study, title: Gen Strategic Review, in Votes on Agenda Proposed by Br, 21 Dec 41, p. 9, Tab i, Folder Book 2, Exec 4.
 
17 Study, title: Immediate Mil Measures, in Notes on Agenda Proposed by Br, 21 Dec 41, pp. 5, 8, Tab ii, Folder Book 2, Exec 4.
 
18 See  letters written to Admiral Pound and General Jan Christian Smuts while en route, in Churchill, Grand Alliance pp. 632-33.
 
19 Votes, G.C.M. [Marshall], 23 Dec 41, sub: Notes on Mtg at White House with President and Br Prime Minister Presiding, WPD 4402-136. Compare the full account of the Prime Minister's views written for the President, in Churchill, Grand Alliance, pp. 648-49.
 
20 JB 3,55, ser 707, 11 Sep 41, title cited n. 15, p. 14.
 
21 Ltr, JPC: to JB, 25 Sep 41, sub: Gen Strategy-Review by Br CsofS, JB 325, ser 729. This statement of American views was superseded by the paper, cited in n. 9, entitled: Tentative U.S. Views on Sub of  Br Memo, Dec 18.
 
22 The plan for Dakar being developed before Pearl Harbor bore the coda name BLACK. The code name BLACK was dropped, apparently because the Navy thought it indicated Africa by association of ideas, and the plan was briefly called PICADOR and, finally, BARRISTER. (See draft papers in BLACK arid BARRISTER Development File, G -3 Regd Docs.
 
23 Notes, SW, sub: Memo of Decisions at White House, Sunday, Dec. 21, 1941, WDCSA 381 (12-21-41) (SS).
 
24 WPD note for rcd, 21 Dec 41,Tab Collab, Book 1, Exec 8.
 
25 See passage quoted above, p. 18, from study cited n. 17.
 
26 Memo, Ridgway for Marshall, 23 Dec 41, no sub, Tab Misc, Book 1, Exec 8.
 
27 Notes cited n. 23.
 
28 (1) Memo, WPD for CofS, 14 Jul 41, sub: Suggested Amer Action in Af, WPD 4511-2. (21 WPD study, title: Lines of Action Open for Employment U.S. Trs, Tab IV in Vol, "Study on Occupation of Northwest Africa," WPD 4510. (3) Memo, Col Bundy for CofS, 28 Nov 41, sub: Conf with Mr. Bullitt, WPD 4511-26.
 
29 Memo, Gen Embick, no addressee, n.d., sub: totes on Est of Br CsofS, in folder filed with Item 13, Exec 4.
 
30 At an Army-Navy meeting early in the conference Marshall noted that he had talked with Embick, who "had sat on the Supreme War Council during the World War and felt that the British greatly exaggerated the importance of North Africa, that even if American troops did go into Casa Blanca [sic], they would not be covered from attacks by Spanish Morocco." (Conf in Stack's Off, 1130, 27 Dec 41, WDCSA 334 Mtgs and Confs (1-28-42) (SS).)
 
31 Notes, G. C. M. [Marshall], 23 Dec 41, sub: Notes on Mtg at White House with President and Br Prime Minister Presiding, WPD 4402-136.
 
32 The compromise plan was circulated as Annex 2 to min, CsofS Conf, 26 Dec 41, ABC: 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 1. It bore the title: Project GYMNAST, and the code U.S. Serial ABC-4/2. For drafts, see ABC; 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 411), 2. The original American and British estimates appear in a typescript entitled: Initial or Three Months force, filed in envelope with Item 13, Exec 4.
 
33 (1) Typescript cited n. 32. (2) WPD study, n.d., title: Data on Assistance Which Can Be Furnished Br in Occupation of  NW Af. (3) Paper, n.d., title: Gen Disposition of Proposed Trs for Def  NW Af. Last two filed in folder with Item 13, Exec 4.
 
34 WPD study, n.d, title: Basis of WPD Est of Forces Req to Hold Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, filed in folder with Item 13, Exec 4.
 
35 The President asked for an estimate by 26 December for the information of a State Department official who was to leave by Pan American clipper the following day. (Note, Lt Col John T. Lewis [ASGS], for Gen Gerow, 24 Dec 41, Tab Misc, Book 1, Exec 8.) This note recorded a telephone call for General Gerow from General Marshall, who had been notified of the President's instructions by Under Secretary Welles. The official referred to apparently was H. Freeman Matthews bearing the President's and Prim Minister's instructions for sounding out General Maxims Weygand about returning to North Africa and assuming command there with Allied support. (Sec (1) William L. Langer, Our Vichy Gamble (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), p. 209, and (2) William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York, Wittlesey House, 1950), p. 75.)
 
36 Plng paper, sub: Project- GYMNAST, Annex 2 with rain, CsofS Conf, 26 Dec 41, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 411, 1. GYMNAST was a code word assigned by the British to their North African plan. See Churchill, Grand Alliance, p. 632.
 
37 (1) For a thorough post-Pearl Harbor survey of the shortage of troopships, see memo, G-9 for CofS 11 Dec 41, sub: Shipping Sit, Tab 115 in Day File 1941, OCT HB. (2) Memo, Brig Gen Brehon B. Somervell for Gen Moore, 21 Dec 41, no sub, incl memo, Col Charles P. Gross for Gen Somervell, 21 Dec 41, sub: Est of Shipping Available for U.S. Overseas Efforts 1942 and 1943, Item 14, Exec 4.
 
38 Min, 1st mtg Jt Plng Com, 24 Dec 41, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41 ), 2.
 
39 Memo, Gen Somervell, Capt Edmund W. Burrough [USN], Capt Charles S. Alden [USN], and Marshal L. Wilcox [Asst Dir of Emergency Shipping, U.S. Mar Comm] for Jt Plng Corn, 26 Dec 41, sub: U. S. Shipping Capacity to Carry Trs Overseas, with atchd note on Br shipping, signed John S. Maclay, of Br Merchant Shipping Miss, and atchd chart of U.S. tr shipping capacity, in envelope with Item 13, Exec 4.
 
40 Rpt, Jt Plng Com, 25 Dee 41, title: Priorities for U.S. and U.K. Overseas Expeditions in Atlantic, ABC-4/1, filed with later drafts in ABC 337 ARCADIA ( 24 Dec 41 ) , 2.
 
41 (1) Notes, SW, sub: Memo of Decisions at White House, Sunday, Dec 21, 1941, WDCSA 381 (12-21-41) (SS). The President noted that a force of two divisions or more would go to Northern Ireland. (2) Notes, G. C. M. [Marshall], 23 Dec 41, sub: Notes on Mtg at White House . . . , WPD 4402-136. The initial ARCADIA decision, taken at this meeting, was to send three divisions to Northern Ireland. (3) Min, CsofS Conf, 24 Dec 41, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 1. Field Marshal Sir John Dill remarked that he understood the Northern Ireland force was to consist of three infantry divisions plus one armored division, and General Marshall agreed.
 
42 (1) Conf in OCofS, 0830, 26 Dec 41, WDCSA 334 Mtgs and Confs (1 28-42) (SS). (2) Memo for rcd, 26 Dec 41, sub: Mtg Held in OCofS, WPD 4497-22. Originally the 3d Armored Division was to be sent, but the 1st Armored was substituted a few days later. See memo, GHQ for WPD, 31 Dec 41, sub: Changes in Tr Designations, and note for rcd, Gen Gerow, 1 Jan 42, sub: Decisions of CofS, both in WPD 4497-23.
 
43 See also p. 117, below. In recognition of the hope for better relations with the Irish Free Stag, the War Department first settled upon Maj. Gen. Edmund L. Daley, a corps commander who was of Irish descent and a Catholic, to head the MAGNET Force. General Daley, however, relinquished command of the force when it moved to Northern Ireland. (See conf cited n. 42(1).)
 
44 See notes and rain cited n. 41.
 
45 Notes cited n. 41 (2) .
 
46 Min cited n. 41 (3).
 
47 Conf at White house, 1630, 26 Dec 41, WDCSA 334 Mtgs and Confs (1-28-42) (SS) .
 
48 Min, 7th mtg CsofS Conf, 31 Dec 41, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 1.
 
49 (1) Memo, CofS, no addressee, 1 Jan 42, sub: Initial Atlantic Tr Movmt, WDCSA 381, 1 (SS). ( 21 Rcd, nag at White House, 1830, 1 Jan 42, WDCSA 334 Mtgs and Confs 1- 28 -42) (SS).
 
50 (1) Note for rcd Gen Gerow, 1 Jan 42 sub: Decisions of CofS, WPD 4497-23. (2) Memo, WPD for CofS, 6 Jan 42, sub: Comd Arrangements, USAFBI, WPD 4497-23. (3) Msg, WD to Sp Army Obsr, London, 8 Jan 42, No. 293, WPD 4497-23.(4) ABC-4/7, 11 Jan 42, title: Estab of U.S. Forces in N Ireland, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 1.
 
51 Min, CsofS Conf, 27 Dec 41, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41) , 1.
 
52 Ibid. Cf. Stimson's remarks in April 1941, cited above, pp. 52-53.
 
53 Rpt, Jt Plng Com to CsofS, 27 Dec 41, title: NW Af Project [ABC-4/2], ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 2.
 
54 Min, CsofS Conf, 31 Dec 41, ABC: 337 ARCADIA (24 Drs 41), 1.
 
55 (1) Conf in OSW, 1530, 4 Jan 42. (2) Conf in White House, 1730, 4 Jan 42. Both in WDCSA 334 Mtgs and Confs (1-28-42) (SS) .
 
56 Memo, Admiral Turner for Admirals Stark and King, 4 Jan 42, sub: Status of Work Before CsofS and Jt Plng Corn, with JCCSs 7 in ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 2.
 
57 Confs cited n. 55.
 
58 Churchill, Grand Alliance, pp. 684-85. "Though few, if any, saw it in this light, this was in fact the first step towards an Allied descent on Morocco, Algeria, or Tunis, on which my hart was set. The President was quite conscious of this, and while we did not give precise form to the idea I felt that our thoughts flowed in the same direction, although it was not yet necessary for either of us to discuss the particular method."
 
59 Conf cited n. 55(2). SUPER-GYMNAST was the code name given at ARCADIA t0 a projected U. S.-British operation in North Africa that would combine the American plan of a landing at Casablanca with the British plan for a landing further eastward on the Mediterranean coast (GYMNAST). GYMNAST was often used loosely to refer to either operation.
 
60 Br plng paper, 10 Jan 42, title: SUPER-GYMNAST (WW (JPC) 2], ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 2.
 
61 Rpt, Jt Plng Com to CsofS, 13 Jan 42, title: Opn SUPER-GYMNAST [ABC.-4/2A], ABC. 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 2.
 
62 (1) Notations by Eisenhower, 1 and 4 Jan 42 entries, Item 3, OPD Hist Unit File. (2) Notes on nag, War Council, 5 Jan 42, WDCSA, SW Confs, Vol II.
 
63 Paper, Br Jt Stf Miss, 30 Dec 41, title: Pacific Islands Air Route-Def Arrangements [MM (41) 234], ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 2. Three days earlier (27 December) Prime Minister John Curtin, in a signed article in the Melbourne Herald, had proclaimed Australian dependence on U.S. aid, and Australia's Concentration on its own defense.  Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: The Hinge of Fate  (Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1950), pp. 8 ff.)
 
64 Min, 6th mtg Jt Plng Com, a Jan 42, ABC: 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 2.
 
65 Memo, WPD for CofS, 4 Jan 42, sub: Tr Mvmts to Pacific Bases, WPD 4571-22.
 
66 (1) Ibid. (2) D/F, W PD for GHQ, G- 3, G 4, and AAF. 10 Jan 42, sub cited n. 65, WPD 4571-22.
 
67 (1) demo, SW for CofS, 1 Jan 42, no sub, WPD 4571-21.(2) Memo, WPD for G- 4, 2 Jan 42, sub: Tr Mvmts to S Pacific Bases, WPD 4571-22 (3) Memo for rcd, Col L. S. Gerow, 3 Jan 42, WPD 4571-22. (4) Memo, WPD for CofS, 5 Jan 42, sub: Borabora Def Force, WPD 4571-24.
 
68 Notes on mtg, War Council, 5 Jan 42, WDCSA, SW Confs, Vol II.
 
69 (1) Memo, 4VPD for CofS, 8 Jan 42, no sub, WPD 4630-30.(2) Memo, WPD for CofS, 9 Jan 42, sub: AA Arty for SUMAC, with atchd memos, WPD 4630-20. (3) Memo, WPD for G-3  and G-4, 10 Jan 42, sub: Priority for Mvmt to "X," WPD 4630-34. (SUMAC and "X" were both code designations for Australia.)
 
70 Draft rpt, Jt Plng Corn to CsofS Com [8 Jan 42], title: Def of Pacific Islands Route, ABC 337 ARCADIA  (24 Dec 41) , 2. This was a second revision, circulated by the British members.
 
71 Memo, WPD for TAG, 22 Jan 42, sub: Def of New Caledonia WPD 3718-17.
 
72 (1) Unused memo, WPD for CofS, 12 Jan 42, sub: Dispatch of Add Forces to Australia, WPD 4630-39, and memo for rcd, Col L. S. Gerow, written thereon. (2) Memo, Brig Gen Robert W. Crawford for Gen Gerow, 12 Jan 42, sub: Tr Mvmt to "X," WPD 4630-39.
 
73 Min, CsofS Conf, 11 Jan 42, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 1.
 
74 (1) Min, CsofS Conf, 12 Jan 42, ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41) , 1. (2) Min, conf at white House, 12 Jan 42, sub: SUPER-GYMNAST. GYMNAST and SUPER-GYMNAST Development File, G-3 Regd Docs.
 
75 The schedules provided for dispatching to Northern Ireland 7,000 troops by I February on the Queen Mary; 9,000 troops 15-20 February on three British transports; and 4,400 troops by 24 February on the George Washington.
 
76 Min cited n. 74 (2).
 
77 Ibid.
 
78 Ibid.
 
79 Rpt, Jt Plng Com to CsofS, 13 Jan 42, title: Opn SUPER-GYMNAST [ABC-4/2A], ABC 337 ARCADIA (24 Dec 41), 1.
 
80 Notations by Eisenhower, 12 Jan 42 entry, Item 3, OPD Hist Unit File.
 
81 For the west coast convoys to the Southwest Pacific, see  Marshall's statement in minutes cited n. 74(2). Total projected strength for the Southwest Pacific (including 4,500 troops already in Australia ) was then about 59,000 troops.
 
82 Min cited n. 74 (1).
 
83 Min cited n. 74 (2).
 
84 Conf at White House, 1730, 14 Jan 42, WDCSA 334 Mtgs and Confs (1-28-42), (SS).

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