Chapter XXXII 1 Rads, Roosevelt to MacArthur, No. 1029, 9 Feb 42, CofS Phil Situation File; Marshall to Wainwright, No. 1234, 24 Mar 42, Msgs to Gen Wainwright, OPD Exec O. See Chapter XX, above, for the relevant portions of the text of the President's message to MacArthur. 2 Memo, Actg CofS for the President, 8 Apr 42, sub: Bataan Situation, CofS Bataan-Corregidor File. Washington time is thirteen hours earlier than Manila time. 3 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, No. 1158, 8 Apr 42, AG 384.1, GHQ SWPA. Reproduced in Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, pp. 83-84. 4 The published version of the message in General Wainwright's Story, pages 83-84, does not contain the instructions to MacArthur. Apparently Wainwright received a copy of the message at the same time as MacArthur, but whether it was an information copy addressed to him or was picked up unofficially by the radio operator is not known. 5 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 83, 9 Apr 42, Msgs from Gen MacArthur, OPD Exec O. 6 Rad, Roosevelt to Wainwright, No. 1329, 9 Apr 42, CofS Supersecret File, Bataan-Corregidor. MacArthur was informed of the President's action at the same time. Rad, McNarney to MacArthur, No. 1173, 8 Apr 42, AG 384.1, GHQ SWPA. 7 Rads, Wainwright to Roosevelt, No. 749, 10 Apr 42, OPD 381 P.I., Sec 1, Case 41; Wainwright to MacArthur, No. 204, 10 Apr 42, AG 384.1 GHQ SWPA. 8 Rad, Wainwright to MacArthur, No. 218, 13 Apr 42, AG 384.1, GHQ SWPA. 9 Rad, MacArthur to Wainwright, 14 Apr 42, AG 241, GHQ SWPA. 10 The message is printed in its entirety in Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 121. 11 Rad, Wainwright to Sharp, 6 May 42, Sharp Papers. The Sharp Papers consist of two envelopes of messages and miscellaneous records belonging to the general and turned over to the author by Mrs. Sharp on Sharp's death. They are on file in OCMH. 12 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 121. The account of the surrender is based upon the following sources: Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, pp. 119-40; USA vs. Homma, Prosecution Exhibits 418 and 419 for Depositions of Gens Wainwright and Moore, pp. 2364-2409 for testimony of Lt Col John R. Pugh, pp. 3082-88, 3094-95, 3173-86, 3214-20 for testimony of Homma, pp. 2468-73 for testimony of Gen Wachi, p. 2590 for testimony of Nakajima; Questionnaire Dealing with Phil Opns, 5 Aug 49, ATIS Doc 49692; Statement of Col Motoo Nakayama, 26 Aug 49, ATIS Doc 50246; Leon M. Guerrero, "The Fall of Corregidor," Philippine Review (July 1943). 13 Other flags were raised at the entrances to Malinta Tunnel. USA vs. Homma, Prosecution Exhibit 418, Deposition of Gen Moore. In international law, the white flag indicates only a desire to communicate with the enemy; it does not require the enemy to cease fire. FM 27-10, Rules of Land Warfare, p. 62. 14 Col William C. Braly, The Hard Way Home (Washington, 1947), p. 5. See also Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 120. 15 Williams, The Last Days of Corregidor, Supp., p. 2. 16 Baldwin, 'The Fourth Marines at Corregidor," Part 4, Marine Corps Gazette (February 1942), p. 43; Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 124. 17 There is little agreement on time in the sources. The discrepancies cannot be settled by personal interviews, since the participants, under the stress of the moment, had no clear conception of when things happened. The author has reconciled as far as possible the time given by the Americans with that of the Japanese to account for the known sequence of events. 18 USA vs. Homma, pp. 3173-79, testimony of Homma, and p. 2529, testimony of Wachi. 19 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 125. 20 USA vs. Homma, pp. 3173, 3176-77, testimony of Homma, and p. 2468, testimony of Wachi. 21 Statement of Nakayama, 26 Aug 49, ATIS Doc 50246. 22 USA vs. Homma, Prosecution Exhibits 418 and 419, Depositions of Moore and Wainwright. 23 The source of this quotation is unknown. It appears in a Japanese propaganda book and was copied by a colleague who neglected to note the title and has since forgotten the location. 24 General Homma denied at his trial, and he was supported by his chief of staff, that the document was handed to him or read. USA vs. Homma, p. 3181. Wainwright's version is in General Wainwright's Story, pages 130-32, and in USA vs. Homma, Prosecution Exhibit 419, Deposition of General Wainwright. 25 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 131. 26 Ibid. 27 Uno, Corregidor: Isle of Delusion, p. 25. Uno was present at the meeting. His account does not agree with Wainwright's at this point, but it is supported by Lt. Col. Yoshio Nakajima, an operations officer on the 14th Army staff. USA vs. Homma, p. 2590, testimony of Nakayima. 28 Uno, Corregidor: Isle of Delusion, p. 25. Neither Wainwright nor Homma agree on this point. The author has accepted Uno's version because he was a bilingual observer and was not under the same strain as the participants. His account is not unsympathetic to the American cause. 29 Ibid., pp. 25-26. 30 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 133. 31 Uno, Corregidor: Isle of Delusion, p. 26. Uno acted as interpreter on this occasion. 32 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 133. 33 See above, Chapter XX, for a discussion of this decision. 34 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 3, 21 Mar 42, WDCSA 320 (3-21-42) Phil. 35 Brig. Gen. Charles C. Drake, "I Surrendered Corregidor," Collier's, January 8, 1949, p. 12; interv, author with Drake, 11 Mar 48. Drake's account is contradicted at some points by other senior officers. Ltr, Moore to author, 19 May 49, OCMH. 36 Drake, "I Surrendered Corregidor," Collier's, January 8, 1949, p. 12; interv, author with Drake, 11 Mar 48. A longer manuscript version of General Drake's article, prepared at the request of the author, is in OCMH. 37 The surrender document is printed in its entirety in Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 135-36. 38 Quoted in full, ibid., p. 118. 39 This letter is published in its entirety, ibid., p. 140. 40 Ibid., p. 140. 41 The text of this broadcast can be found in Visayan-Mindanao Force Report of Operations, pages 87-91. It was received in San Francisco by commercial radio and relayed to the War Department. 42 Ltr, Horan to Wainwright, 24 Jun 42, copy in OCMH. 43 Hist of the Guerrilla Resistance Movement in P.I., Mil Intel Sec, GHQ SWPA, Ch. VI; Affidavit of Capt Warren A. Minton, copy in Chunn Notebooks. Colonel Nakar was captured on 29 September 1942. Colonel Kalakuka died of malaria on 30 October, while he was still working with the Japanese to secure the surrender of the guerrillas. Drake, Comments on Draft MS, Comment 28, OCMH. 44 USAFFE-USFIP Rpt of Opns, pp. 91-92. 45 Ibid.; General Wainwright's Story, p. 147. 46 Rads, MacArthur to Sharp, No. 167, 6 May 42, and Sharp to MacArthur, 0415/Z/7, 7 May 42, both in AG 384.1, GHQ SWPA. 47 Rad, MacArthur to Sharp, No. 676, 9 May 42, AG 384.1, GHQ SWPA. 48 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 677, 9 May AG 384.1, GHQ SWPA. 49 The Japanese were not a signatory to the Geneva Convention, but in February 1942, through the Swiss Government, they had agreed to adhere to the provisions relating to prisoners of war, reserving the right to make changes when necessary. 50 USA vs. Homma, p. 2386, testimony of Pugh. General Drake states that he never heard such a threat made and never had the impression that the Japanese would kill their prisoners if Sharp did not surrender. "There was no cause to give me such an impression," he states. "Also, I never heard it voiced by anyone." Drake, Comments on Draft MS, Comment 28, OCMH. 51 USA vs. Homma, Prosecution Exhibit 419, Deposition of Wainwright. Homma denied this in his testimony, and Wachi stated that the Americans were treated as captives rather than as prisoners of war until an order came from Imperial General Headquarters in August 1942. Ibid., pp. 2529, 3189. 52 USAFFE-USFIP Rpt of Opns, p. 92; Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, pp. 145-48. 53 V-MF Rpt of Opns, pp. 61, 92; Tarkington, There Were Others, pp. 390-96. 54 Interv, author with Col Robert D. Johnston, G-4 V-MF, 15 Apr 47, OCMH. Although Colonel Johnston was not present at the meeting between Sharp and Traywick, he was told about it many times by Sharp, while in prison camp. General Sharp, now deceased, never expressed officially the view that the threat was the reason for his decision to surrender. General Wainwright, in a letter to the author, stated that Sharp's position was hopeless and that he would have had to surrender very shortly in any case. Ltr, Wainwright to author, 14 Jan 49, OCMH. 55 Rad, Sharp to Chynoweth, Hilsman, Cornell, Chastaine, Blancas, 10 May 42, Sharp Papers, OCMH. 56 Rad, Sharp to MacArthur, No. 1, 10 May 42, Sharp Papers. 57 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 145. 58 V-MF Rpt of Opns, pp. 99-103. Copy of the document of surrender is in Sharp Papers. Rad, Sharp to Chynoweth, Hilsman, Christie, Cornell, Blancas, 11 May 42, Sharp Papers. 59 Rad, Chastaine to Sharp, No. 1, 13 May 42, Sharp Papers. 60 Ltr, Fort to Sharp, no date, V-MF Rpt of Opns, pp. 285-86. General Fort was later executed by the Japanese. 61 The account of the surrender on Cebu is based upon Chynoweth, 61st Div (PA) and Visayan Force Rpt, pp. 33-37, OCMH. 62 Ibid., p. 34. 63 Ltr, Chynoweth to author, 19 Feb 49, OCMH. 64 Chynoweth, 61st Div (PA) and Visayan Force Rpt, p. 35, OCMH. 65 Ibid., p. 36. Up until February 1949 General Chynoweth believed that Sharp's instructions to surrender had MacArthur's support. 66 Ibid., p. 37. 67 Interv, author with Col Christie, 6 May 47, OCMH. 68 Rad, Christie to Sharp, No. 1, 10 May 42, Sharp Papers. 69 Rad, Sharp to Christie, 11 May 42, Sharp Papers. 70 Rad, Christie to Sharp, 12 May 42, Sharp Papers. 71 Ltr, Sharp to Christie, 12 May 42, V-MF Rpt of Opns, pp. 108-09. Italics are General Sharp's. 72 Rads, Christie to Sharp and Sharp to Christie, 18 May 42, Sharp Papers. 73 Interv, author with Christie, 6 May 47, OCMH. 74 Rad, Hilsman to Christie, 19 May 42. See also rad, Christie to CO, Negros, Samar, Leyte, Bohol, 19 May 42, Sharp Papers. 75 Rad, Christie to Sharp, 19 May 42, Sharp Papers. 76 Interv, author with Christie, 6 May 47; rpt of interv with Maj Cledonia Ancheta, CO 2d Bn, 64th Inf (PA), OCMH. 77 Cornell, Narrative of Events, Hq, Samar-Leyte Sector, V-MF Rpt of Opns, pp. 498-500. 78 Rpt of Col McLennan, prepared at request of author, 19 Apr 49, in OCMH; interv, author with McLennan, 9 Feb 49, OCMH; Hilsman, Hist of Negros Sector, V-MF Rpt of Opns, pp. 487-88. 79 McLennan Rpt, OCMH. 80 Rad, Sharp to Hilsman, 16 May 42, Sharp Papers; interv, author with McLennan, 9 Feb 49, OCMH. 81 Rad, Humber to Sharp, No. 2, 19 May 42, Sharp Papers. 82 Rad, Sharp to Hilsman, 19 May 42, Sharp Papers. 83 Rad, Hilsman to Sharp, 20 May 42, Sharp Papers. 84 Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 148. 85 Hilsman, Hist of Negros Sector, V-MF Rpt of Opns, pp. 487-88; rpt of interv with Lt Col E. R. Montilla, ACofS, G-3, Negros, OCMH; interv, author with McLennan, 9 Feb 49, OCMH. 86 USAFFE-USFIP Rpt of Opns, p. 92. 87 Quoted in full in Wainwright, General Wainwright's Story, p. 118. Return to Table of Contents Return to Chapter XXXII
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