Chapter XIV


1 USA vs. Homma, pp. 271, 283, 291, testimony of Abelardo L. Valencia, correspondent, and Don Bell, news commentator; Lee, They Call It Pacific (Viking), p. 125.

2 Lee, They Call It Pacific, pp. 126-27; USA vs. Homma, pp. 264-355.

3 Romulo, I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, pp. 73-74, 77.

4 John Hersey, Men on Bataan (New York, 1942), p. 41.

5 USA vs. Homma, pp. 283-86, testimony of Don Bell.

6 Ibid., pp. 2573-74, testimony of Col Nakajima; p. 3067, testimony of Homma; pp. 357-58, testimony of Yoshiaki Nakada, a chaplain on the 14th Army staff; Defense Exhibits M and N, affidavits by the Spanish and Swiss Consuls; Statement of Nakajima, 6 Feb 50, ATIS Doc 56349, Interrogations of Former Japanese Officers, Mil Hist Div, GHQ FEC, II, 5.
General Maeda commented later that "Imperial General Headquarters did not recognize the declaration of Manila as an open city. Manila had to be taken. Even if it were an open city, Japanese troops had to occupy it." Interrog of Maeda, 10 May 47, Interrogations of Former Japanese Officers, Mil Hist Div, GHQ FEC, I.

7 5th Air Gp Opns, p. 39.

8 Ibid.; Sunday Tribune (Manila), December 28, 1941, in USA vs. Homma, Prosecution Exhibit 20, and pp. 267-355, passim.

9 Philippines Herald (Manila), December 31, 1941; Manila Bulletin, January 1, 1942; Romulo, I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, pp. 85-89.

10 Hersey, Men on Bataan, p. 237.

11 Van Landingham, "I Saw Manila Die," Saturday Evening Post, September 26, 1942, p. 70.

12 Romulo, I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, p. 74; Philippines Herald (Manila), December 31, 1941.

13 Van Landingham, "I Saw Manila Die," Saturday Evening Post, September 26, 1942, p. 70.

14 14th Army Opns, I, 65. The 2d Formosa and two battalions of the 48th Mountain Artillery were not with the 48th Division at this time.

15 USA vs. Homma, p. 3056, testimony of Homma. General Maeda, Homma's chief of staff, declared that the 48th Division, for one, "was told to wait so that it could spruce up and reorganize." Interrog of Maeda, 10 May 47, Interrogations of Former Japanese Officers, Mil Hist Div, GHQ FEC, I.

16 14th Army Opns, I, 67. The telegram was dated 1040, but it did not reach Homma until 1710. The nearly five hours it required to reach Army headquarters is unexplained.

17 Ibid.

18 Ibid., 68-69.

19 Ibid., 76. Homma later claimed that "arrangements were made to enter the city . . . with only two battalions from each division, and the rest of the divisions must stay out of the city." Neither Generals Tsuchibashi nor Morioka limited the entering units to two battalions. USA vs. Homma, p. 3056, testimony of Homma.

20 Van Landingham, "I Saw Manila Die," Saturday Evening Post, September 26, 1942, p. 70.

21 Rad, MacArthur to AGWAR, No. 5, 2 Jan 42, AG 381 (11-27-41 Sec 1) Far East.

22 Manila Bulletin, January 3, 1942.

23 14th Army Opns, I, 70, 84.

24 Manila Bulletin, January 3, 1942.

25 16th Div Opns, 24 Dec 41-3 Jan 42, ATIS Enemy Pub 355, p. 9.

26 Margaret Utinsky, Miss U (San Antonio, Tex., 1948), p. 1; Hersey, Men on Bataan, p. 154.

27 The Sunday Tribune (Manila), January 4, 1942; Utinsky, Miss U, p. 4.

28 Hersey, Men on Bataan, pp. 152-54; 14th Army Opns, I, 77.

29 Sunday Tribune (Manila), January 5, 1942; see also USA vs. Homma, Prosecution Exhibit 16.

30 Rad, MacArthur to TAG, 27 Dec 41, AG 381 (11-27-41) Far East.

31 Ibid. For the measures taken to strengthen Mindanao, see V-MF Rpt of Opns, Part I, passim, Annex XI, USAFFE-USFIP Rpt of Opns.

32 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, Nos. 2 and 3, 1 Jan 42, WPD 4639-2. Apparently MacArthur excluded from his estimate of combat strength the 12,000 Philippine Scouts who, though Filipinos, were part of the U.S. Army.

33 Rad, MacArthur to Marshall, No. 20, 7 Jan 42, AG 381 (11-27-41) Far East.

34 Ibid.

35 Rpt of U.S.-British CsofS, 31 Dec 41, sub: Supporting Measures for SWPA (ABC 4/3), OPD Reg Doc. General MacArthur was informed of the substance of this report on 31 December 1941.

36 Memo, Brig Gen L. T. Gerow for CofS, 3 Jan 42, sub: Relief of Phil, WPD 4639-3.

37 Ibid. MacArthur estimated that the Japanese had six divisions on Luzon, one at Davao, and a small force at Jolo. There were only two Japanese divisions in the Philippines. The planners, for lack of more definite information, accepted MacArthur's estimate.

38 Ibid.

39 Ibid.

40 Quoted in Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), p. 454.

41 Rad, Marshall to MacArthur, No. 93, 11 Jan 42, WPD 4639-14.

42 Ibid.


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