Endnotes for Chapter III

1 Ltr, TAG to Charles E. Russell, Chairman Inter-Racial Committee of the District of Columbia (NAACP), 30 Oct 39, AG 291.21 (l0-19-39) . 

2 Ltr, TAG to Charles E. Russell, 28 Jul 40, AG 291.21 (6-7-40). See also Ltrs, TAG to Handsel G. Bell, various dates, AG 291.21 (4-18-39) ; TAG to Levi Pierce, various dates, AG 291.21 (10-10­39); TAG to various persons and organizations, AG 322.97 (2-23-38) (1).

3 AG 322.99 (2-23-38) (i); Pittsburgh Courier, February 19, 1938 to September 28, 1940.

4 Forwarded by Administrator of NYA to SW, 2 Mar 39, AG 291.2 (3-2-39)

5 Edgar G. Brown, What the Civilian Conservation Corps Is Doing for Colored Youth (Washington: Federal Security Agency, Civilian Conservation Corps, June, 1940) , p. 1.

6 Richard Sterner and others, The Negro's Share: A Study of Income, Consumption, Housing and Public Assistance (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1943) PP. 256-58.

7 Memo, G-3 for SGS, 14 Jul 37, AG 322.97 (7-7-37) (1).

8 Brown, op. cit., p. 1.

9 Cf., The Crisis, XLVII (November, 1940) , 343.

10 Cf., James L. H. Peck, "When Do We Fly?" The Crisis, LXVII December, 1940).

11 Congressional Record, March 7, 1939, pp. 2367­70. 

12 Ltr, OCSigO to Charles S. Darden, Los Angeles, Calif., 17 Aug 17, AAF 322.9 (Negro Det) .

13 Memo, Chief Pers for Exec Office OCSigO, 7 Aug 18, AAF 291.2A.

14 Ltr, OCAS to H. T. Douglas, Bridgeport, Conn., 13 Nov 20, AAF 291.2; Ltr, CAS to AGO, 1st Ind to Ltr, Secy Maryland War Records Commission, 15 Dec 22, AAF 322.3 Units A-1

15 1st Ind, CAS to AGO, on Ltr, C. E. Mertin, Oakland, Calif., 29 Dec 22, AAF 326.6 ROTC.

l6 Ltr, Walter White, Secy NAACP, to Actg SW,1 Sep 31; Ltr, Robert R. Moton, Tuskegee Institute, to President Hoover, 18 Sep 31, and other papers in AG 620 (4-23-31) sec. 2B; Ltr, Walter White to CofS, 15 Sep 31, AG 320.2 (6-17-31) (1) sec. 1.

17 Ltr, Actg CofS to Walter White, 21 Sep 31, AG 620 (4-23-31) sec. 2B.

18 Ltr, Walter White to Actg CofS, 25 Sep 31, AG 620 (4-23-31) (1) sec. 2B.

19 Congressional Record, March 7, 1939, p. 2367. According to Bureau of Census figures read into the Congressional Record, there were 123 licensed Negro commercial and student pilots in the country in 1937. Many of the licenses were not kept in force.

20 It was incorporated into Section ¢ of H.R. 3791 and, as approved, read: "The Secretary of War is authorized, in his discretion and under the rules, regulations, and limitations to be pre­scribed by him, to lend to accredited civilian aviation schools, one or more of which shall be designated by the Civil Aeronautics Authority for the training of any Negro air pilot, at which personnel of the Military Establishment are pur­suing a course of education and training pursuant to detail thereto under competent orders of the War Department, out of aircraft, aircraft parts, aeronautical equipment and accessories for the Air Corps, on hand and belonging to the Govern­ment, such articles as may appear to be required for instruction, training, and maintenance purposes."

21 R&R, Chief Plans Sec to CofAC, 8 Apr 39, AAF 353.9-4-A. Italics in original. This plan is described on page 64, below.

22 R&R cited n. 21, above.

23 R&R, OCofAC to Gen Arnold, 14 Apr 39 AAF 353.9-4-A. Italics in original.

24 R&R, Chief  Reserve Div OCofAC to Chief Tng GP, 3 Apr 39, AAF 353.9-4-A Training of Negro Pilots.

25 R&R, OCofAC to Gen Arnold, 14 Apr 39, AAF 353.9-4-A.

26 Ibid.

27 Memo, CofAC for CofS, 18 Apr 39, AG 011 (8-18-39). AAF 353.9-4-A.

28 2d Ind to Memo, CofAC for CofS, 18 Apr 39, JAGO to TAG, 27 Apr 39, and 3d Ind, TAG to CofAC, 4 May 39. Both in AAF 353.9-4-A.

29 Memo, CofAC for CofS, 9 May 39, AAF 353.9­4-A.

30 Statement, Edgar G. Brown, Hearings, Senate Subcommittee on Appropriations, Military Establishment Bill for 1940 (H.R. 4630), pp. 152-53; Statements, Edgar G. Brown, J. Finley Wilson, and Senator Harry H. Schwartz, Hearings, House Subcommittee on Appropriations, Supplemental Military Appropriation Bill, 1940 (H.R. 6791), pp. 339-44; Senator Styles Bridges in debate on H.R. 7805, 25 Jan 40, Congressional Record, 86, p. 671; Debate, Military Establishment Bill for rg4r (H.R. 9209), Congressional Record, 86, pp. 4017-19; Statement, Rayford Logan, 14 May 40, Hearings, Senate Subcommittee on Appropriations, Military Establishment Appropriation Bill for 1941 (H.R. 9209), pp. 365-76; Senator Styles Bridges, discussion and questions, 14 May 40, Hearings, above, p. 368.

31 Memo, SGS for CofAC, 16 May 39, AAF 353.9­4-A.

32 R&R, Chief Tug and Opns Div for CofAC, 22 May 39, AAF 3539-4-A.

33 Memo, CofAC for CofS, 24 May, 39, AAF 353.9-4-A; Statement, Senator Schwartz, Hearings, House Subcommittee, Supplemental Military Appropriation Bill, 1940, 26 May 1939, pp. 342-43.

34 Penciled note on R&R, AAF 353.9-4-A.

35 Memo, CofAC for CofS, 10 Jun 39, AAF 353.9­4-A.

36 Hearings, House, Supplemental Military Appropriation Bill, 1940 , (H.R. 6791), pp. 342-44.

37 Ibid-, PP- 339-42.

38 Ibid., p. 281.

39 Ibid., p. 282.

40 Hearings, House and Senate, Training of Civil Aircraft Pilots, H.R. 5073, S. 2119, Senate Hearings, pp. 16-17, 86-87, House Hearings, pp.14-15.

41 Congressional Record, June 21, 1939, p. 7667. This amendment, according to Representative Ludlow, was sponsored by, among others, the following Negro organizations: United Government Employees, National Alliance of Postal Employees, National Airmen's Association, and the Elks Civil Liberties League.

42 Time, October 28, 1940, p. 19.

43 Ltr, TAG to Representative William H. Larrabee (Indiana), 21 Dec 39, AG 291.21 (12-12-39) .

44 H.R. 7805, Supplemental Appropriation for the Military and Naval Establishments, Coast Guard, and Federal Bureau of Investigation for the Year Ending June 30, 1940.

45 Hearings, House Subcommittee on Appropria­tions, Military Establishment Appropriation Bill for 1941, 76th Cong., 3d sess., March 7,1940, p. 549

46 Hearings, House Committee on Appropriations, 2d Supplementary National Defense Bill for 1941, July 21, 1940, p. 133; see also Hearings, Senate Committee on Appropriations, 2d Supplementary National Defense Bill for 1941 (H.R. 10263), August 5, 1940, pp. 17-18.

47 Time, October 28,1940, p. 19; Ltr, Col Edwin M. Watson, Secy to President, to Walter White, Secy NAACP, The Crisis, LXVII (December, 1940), PP. 376-77.

48 Memo, CofAC for CofS, 25 May 40, AAF 353.9-4-A

49 Memo, G-3 for Cofs, 5 Jun 40, AG 291.21 (5-14-40) (1)

50 Memo, CofAC for G-3, 31 May 40, Tab E, G-3/6541-Gen-527.

51 Memo, G-3 for CofS, 5 Jun 40, AG 291.21 (5-14-40) (1).

52 A third article, a laudatory "Salute" to Brig. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis with a biographical sketch of the first Negro general, appeared in the same issue. Similarly, the July issue had contained an account of a Negro youth in Chicago who, having applied for Air Corps training, had "not been turned down by mail" and an aeronautical engi­neer who had become a probationary employee at Douglas Aircraft in Los Angeles. "It is not known," the magazine commented, "what will become of the two men, but at least their initial efforts have not been rebuffed as in the past. However, there is as yet no indication that the vast national defense program of the United States will include the Negro as employees in factories, mechanics and helpers in the huge ground crews for airplanes, or by enlistment in all the branches of the armed forces." These articles illustrate the protest journals' anxiety to report achievement and progress as well as problems to their readers. The Crisis, LXVII (July, 1 1940), 199.

53 Memo, Chief AC Plans Sec for CofAC, 9 Apr 39,  AAF 353.9-4-A.

54 Ibid

55 The Review, February 1, 1940.

56 Institute for Propaganda Analysis, "Negroes Ask about Democracy," Propaganda Analysis, IV (August 26, 1941).

57 New York Daily News, June 4, 1941.

58 E. E. Johnson, "Should Negroes Save Democracy?" Scribner's Commentator, XI (November, 1941), 57-62. For analyses see: Horace M. Bond, "Should the Negro Care Who Wins the War?" The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCXXIII (September, 1942), 81-84; Adam C. Powell, Jr., "Is This a 'White Man's War?' " Common Sense, XI (April, 1942) , 111-13.

59 Congressional Record, April 30, 1940, p. 5253.

60 A. Phillip Randolph, "Why I Would Not Stand for Reelection for President of the National Negro Congress," quoted in Extract of Remarks, Representative Arthur W. Mitchell (Ill.) , Congressional Record, April 30, 1940, app. 2945.

61 Congressional Record, April 30, 1940, p. 5254 

62 Cf. Powell, op. cit.; Roi Ottley, "A White Folks' War?" Common Ground, II (Spring, 1942) , 29; Lunabelle Wedlock, The Reaction of Negro Publications and Organizations to German Antisemitism (Washington: Howard University Studies in the Social Sciences) III, No. 2 (1942), 116-93; Alfred M. Lee, "Subversive Individuals of Minority Status," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, CCXXIII (September, 1942), 167-68; Louis Martin, "Fifth Column Among Negroes," Opportunity, XX (December, 1942) , 358­6o; Roi Ottley, "New World A-Coming": Inside Black America (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1943) , PP- 322-42.

63 Ltr, Stafford King, State Auditor of Minnesota and Civ Aide to SW, to SW, 8 Jul 40, AG 291.21 (7-8-40) (I) . Mr. King had informed the War Department earlier that a Negro classmate of his son, standing high in the CAA classes at the University of Minnesota, had been refused further pilot training "for no reason except that he is colored."

64 Ltr, CG Fifth Corps Area to TAG, 5 Aug 40, AG 291.21 (8-5-40) 9 (2) .

65 Memo, TAG for SW, 18 May 40, AG 291.21 (5-3-40) (1).

66 Memo, G1 for CofS, 20 May 40, AG 291.21 (5-3-40) .

67 Quoted in Walter White, "It's Our Country, Too: The Negro Demands the Right to Fight For It," Reprinted with permission from The Saturday Evening Post, CCXIII, 63. Copyright 1940 The Curtis Publishing Company.

68 Memo, G-3 for CofS, 12 Jun 40, AG  011 (6­12-40) (1)

69 Ibid.; Memo, G-1 for CofS, 13 Jun 40, AG  011 (6-12-40) (1).

70 Ltr, SW to Senator Morris Sheppard, Chairman Senate Mil Affairs Com, 13 Jun 40, AG  011 (6­12-40) (1).

71 Public Law 703, 76th Cong., approved 2 Jul 40; published to the Army in WD Bull 17, 2 Aug 40.

72 Memo, OCS (initialed G.C.M.) for Maj Persons, 20 Jun 40, OCS 20 602-2, and penciled note thereon, AG of 1 (6-20-40) ; Memo, OCS for G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, and WPD, 19 Jun 40, OCS 20602-61.

73 This regiment had been an element of the World War I 92d Division.

74 Memo, G-3 for TAG, to Jul 40, AG 320.2 (7­10-40) (2); Ltr, TAG to CG's, Chiefs, and CO's of Exempted Stations, 20 Jul 40, AG 320.2 (7-10­40) M (Ret) M-C.

75 Msg, CG Third Corps Area to WD, 23 Jul 40 and Rad, WD to CG Third Corps Area, 26 Jul 40, WD G-3/41389 and AG 320.2 (7-23-40) .

76 Cf., Memo, G-3 for G-1, 7 Oct 40, AG 210.31­ORC (9-28-40) .

77 Ltr, CG GHQ AF to TAG, 13 Jul 40, AG 320.2 (7-13-40) (1).

78 Memo, G-3 for TAG, 25 Jul 40, AG 320.2 (7-13-40) (1).

79 Detroit News, August 15, 1940, read into the Congressional Record by Senator Arthur Vandenburg (August 19, 1940) , p. 10472; Chicago Defender, September 7, 1940.

80 Selective Compulsory Military Training and Service, Hearings . . . on H.R. 10132, 76th Cong., 3d sess., p. 587.

81 Congressional Record, 86, p. 10890. 

82 Ibid., p. 10894.

83 Ibid, p. lo8go.

84 Ibid., p. 10891.

85 Public Law 785, 76th Cong., 16 Sep 40.

86 Cf., Walter White, "It's Our Country, Too: The Negro Demands the Right to Fight," Saturday Evening Post, CCXIII (December 14, 1940) , 27, 61­68.

87 The Negroes presenting this program were Walter White, T. Arnold Hill, formerly industrial secretary of the Urban League and at that time adviser on Negro Affairs in the National Youth Administration, and A. Phillip Randolph. Cf., Walter F. White, A Man Called White (New York: Viking, 1948) , pp. 186-89; Pittsburgh Courier, October 19, 1940.

88 The Crisis, LXVII (November, 1940) .

89 Memo, OCS for Gi and G-3, 5 Sep 40, OCS 20602-78.

90 Memo, CofS (initialed G.C.M.) for G-1, 14 Sep 40, OCS 20602-79.

91 Memo, ASW for President, 8 Oct 40; Ltr, Secy to President (Stephen Early) to ASW, 9 Oct 40,
AG 291.21 (10-9-40) (1) .

92 Incl to Memo, ASW for President, 8 Oct 49, distributed to Army 16 Oct 40 by Ltr, AG 291.21
(10-9-40)(1)

93 Pittsburgh Courier, October 19, 1940; Time, October 28, 1940; White, A Man Called White, pp. 186-89.

94 Examples: (1) "This procedure [training Negroes at Tuskegeel]  would be necessary to follow out the President's policy of segregation of the races." R&R, OCofAC, Pers to Gen Arnold, 30 Jan 40 [411, AAF 3539-4-A; (2) Min of Gen Council, 16 Jun 42, p. 3.

95 The Crisis, LXVII (December, 1940) , 375.

96 Roi Ottley, "A White Folks' War?" Common Ground, II (Spring, 1942) , 28-29.

97 See Nation, CLI (October 26, 1940) , 378-79 Father John La Farge, "Our Jim Crow Army," America (October, 1940).

98 Ltrs in AG 291.21, Oct-NOV 40. See especially Ltr, Brig Gen Spencer C. Dickinson (Illinois N. G., Ret.) to Gen Marshall, 10 Oct 40, AG 291.21 (10-10-40) , praising the Army for its new policy. In an accompanying memorandum, General Marshall wrote to G-1, "The writer of the attached letter is a colored man, who commanded the 8th Illinois Infantry. He is a medical graduate of the Uni­versity of Heidelberg, I believe. It is just as well to have this man in mind in case of attacks of our not having given enough to the negro pressure." Memo, CofS for G-1 and Maj [W. B].l Smith, signed GGM, GofS, 14 Oct 40, AG 291.23 (10-10-40) .

99 Memo, G-1 for CofS, 21 Oct 40, AG 322-97 (10-21-40).

100 Memo, ASW for William D. Hassett, The White House, 21 Oct 40, AG 322-97 (10-21-40). G-1 had also listed an artillery brigade head­quarters and headquarters battery, one signal contruction company, an additional chemical com­pany, a cavalry brigade weapons troop, two ponton companies, and the numbers of Negroes to be trained in the replacement centers of each arm and service. These details were not forwarded to the White House.

101 Memo cited n. 100.

102 Memo, Gen Marshall for William D. Hassett, 22 Oct 40, AG 322.97 (10-21-40).

103 The Senate received the nomination along with others on 7 November. (Congressional Record 86, 13610, 13827.) General Davis, born in Washington on 1 July 1877, had had a long Army career. He had been a 1st lieutenant in the 8th U.S. Volunteer Infantry in the Spanish-American War; in 1899 he enlisted in the 9th Cavalry. He was appointed 2d lieutenant, Cavalry, in 1901; by 1930 he had been promoted to colonel. He had served with the l0th Cavalry during the Philippine in­surrection, with the Mexican Border patrol, and with the American legation in Liberia. The re­mainder of his career had been spent as a Na­tional Guard and ROTC instructor and in other special duties. Negro newspapers had been hinting for some time that "rumor" had it that, like Col. Charles Young, he would be retired rather than promoted. Retired originally on 31 July 1941, General Davis returned to active duty the next day, 1 August 1941. After go years in the Army, General Davis went on inactive duty in July 1948.

104 Dean Hastie had had a distinguished public career. Negro press comments on his appointment indicated that the Negro public had high respect for his abilities. Hastie had been assistant solicitor for the Department of the Interior, Federal District Judge of the Virgin Islands (the first Negro to be appointed to the federal bench) , chairman of the National Legal Committee of the NAACP, and a prominent member of civic improvement groups in the city of Washington. Various Negro organizations, including the press, had been asking for the appointment of such an adviser.

105 Time, November 4, 1940, p. 20. See also Pittsburgh Courier, November 2, 1940; Walter White, "It's Our Country, Too," loc. cit.; Editorial, "Negro Self-Respect and Politics," The Christian Century, LVII (November 13, 1940) , 1403; Ollie Stewart, "The Negro-American Nationalist," Scribner's Commentator, IX (March, 1941) , 68; Walter White, "Brown Americans," Coronet, XVII (November, 1944) . 86.

106 Ltr, SW to Dean William H. Hastie, 25 Oct 40, OASW Personnel #gol, and Memo, ASW to Maj Gen James H. Burns, 25 Oct 40, same file. Technically, Hastie was carried on the rolls as Head Attorney under Executive Order 8044.

107 Memo, Civ Aide for USW, 7 Feb 41, AG 322.97 (3-18-41)(1) .

108 Ltr, TAG to Chiefs Arms and Svs and Divs of WD Gen Staff, 18 Dec 40, AG 291.21 (12-17­40) M-OCS-M, based on Memo, ASW for TAG, 15 Dec 40, and Memo, SGS for TAG, 17 Dec 40, AG 291.21 (12-17-40) (1) .

109 Memo, Civ Aide for USW, 7 Feb 41, AG 322.97 (3-18-41) (1).

110 Memo, G-1 for Judge Hastie, 20 Nov 40, G-1/ 15640-57.

111 Ibid.

112 Walter White, "It's Our Country, Too," loc. cit. Among other articles appearing at about the same time were: "Role of the Negro in National Defense," School and Society, LII (December 7, 1940) , 580; Mrs. F. D. Roosevelt, "Defense and the Minority Group," Opportunity, XVIII (December, 1940), 356-58; Paul E. Bowen, "The His­torical Background of the Negro as Soldier," Virginia Teachers Bulletin, XVII (November, 1940) , 29-31; Lawrence Sullivan, "Negro Vote," Atlantic Monthly, CLXVI (October, 1940) , 477'94; Metz Lochard, "Negroes and Defense," Nation, CLII (January 4, 1941) , 14-16.

113 Editorial, "Now Is the Time Not to Be Silent," The Crisis, XLIX (January, 1942) , 7.

114 Ltr, TAG to Dr. Amanda V. G. Hillyer, Chairman Program Committee, D.C. Branch, NAACP,12 Apr 41, AG 291.21 (2-28-41) (1).

115 Hearings, Senate, Military Establishment Ap­propriation Bill for 1941 (H.R. 9209), 14 May 40, P-365.

116 Owl, The Negroes' Role in the War: A Study of White and Colored Opinions (Memorandum 59, Surveys Division, Bureau of Special Services), 8 Jul 43. This survey was conducted in five cities: Birmingham, Raleigh, Oklahoma City, Chicago, and Detroit.

117 OWL The Negroes' Role in the War.

118 Ibid.

119 Ibid.

120 Cf. Walter White, "It's Our Country, Too," loc. cit.; The Journal of Negro Education, XII
(Summer, 1943).

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